Productivity of Stump Harvesting for Fuel

The productivity of harvesting stump and root wood was studied in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. The objective was to create productivity models (m3/E0h) for stump wood extraction, stump wood forwarding, and site preparation, in addition to identifying work phases and improvement opportunities in the extraction and forwarding chain. Productivity models were based on time studies with professional operators. The independent variables in stump wood extraction were stump diameter (cm) and the number of stumps per hectare. For forwarding, the independent variables were volume of stump wood removed (m3/ha) and forwarding distance (m). When removing 350 stumps per ha with an average diameter of 40 cm, productivity was estimated at 7.9 m3/E0h. Increasing the number of stumps removed from 350 to 800 stumps per ha, increased productivity to 10.8 m3/E0h. Forwarding productivity was 7.8 m3/E0hwithaforwardingdistanceof250mandaload size of 7.0 m3 when removing 60 m3 of stumps per ha

Maturation of Oxycodone Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants : a Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Three Clinical Trials

Purpose The aim of the current population pharmacokinetic study was to quantify oxycodone pharmacokinetics in children ranging from preterm neonates to children up to 7 years of age. Methods Data on intravenous or intramuscular oxycodone administration were obtained from three previously published studies (n = 119). The median [range] postmenstrual age of the subjects was 299 days [170 days-7.8 years]. A population pharmacokinetic model was built using 781 measurements of oxycodone plasma concentration. The model was used to simulate repeated intravenous oxycodone administration in four representative infants covering the age range from an extremely preterm neonate to 1-year old infant. Results The rapid maturation of oxycodone clearance was best described with combined allometric scaling and maturation function. Central and peripheral volumes of distribution were nonlinearly related to bodyweight. The simulations on repeated intravenous administration in virtual patients indicated that oxycodone plasma concentration can be kept between 10 and 50 ng/ml with a high probability when the maintenance dose is calculated using the typical clearance and the dose interval is 4 h. Conclustions Oxycodone clearance matures rapidly after birth, and between-subject variability is pronounced in neonates. The pharmacokinetic model developed may be used to evaluate different multiple dosing regimens, but the safety of repeated doses should be ensured.Peer reviewe

Main innovation types of forest biomass supply chains

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Dependent Types for Pragmatics

This paper proposes the use of dependent types for pragmatic phenomena such as pronoun binding and presupposition resolution as a type-theoretic alternative to formalisms such as Discourse Representation Theory and Dynamic Semantics.Comment: This version updates the paper for publication in LEU

Kompressio - vaikuttavaa haavojen hoitoa

Alaraajaturvotus on kroonisten alaraajahaavojen riskitekijä, ja turvotus estää jo syntyneitä haavoja paranemasta. Kompressiota suositellaan siksi kaikkien alaraajahaavojen hoidoksi, jos raajassa on turvotusta eikä hoidolle ole vasta-aiheita. Jos turvotuksen syytä ei ole mahdollista poistaa, kompressiohoidon tarve on pysyvä. Kompressiohoito jää kuitenkin usein puutteelliseksi tai sitä ei aloiteta lainkaan. Alaraajahaavaa sairastavia potilaita hoitavien on kyettävä tunnistamaan ja ratkaisemaan tavallisimmat kompressiohoitoon liittyvät ongelmat. Tämä onnistuu vain tuntemalla kompressiohoidon ja käytettävien välineiden perusperiaatteet.</p

Back Reflector with Diffractive Gratings for Light-Trapping in Thin-Film III-V Solar Cells

We report on the development of light-Trapping architectures applied to thin-film solar cells. In particular, we focus on enhancing the absorption at 1-eV spectral range for dilute nitride and quantum dot materials and report on the influence of planar back reflectors on the photovoltaic properties. Moreover, we discuss the properties of polymer diffraction gratings with enhanced light-Trapping capability pointing to advantageous properties of pyramidal gratings. In order to understand the suitability of these polymer grating architectures for space applications, we have performed an electron irradiation study (1 MeV) revealing the absence of reflectance changes up to doses of 1×1015 e-/cm

A numerical model of birch pollen emission and dispersion in the atmosphere. Description of the emission module

A birch pollen emission model is described and its main features are discussed. The development of the model is based on a double-threshold temperature sum model that describes the propagation of the flowering season and naturally links to the thermal time models to predict the onset and duration of flowering. For the flowering season, the emission model considers ambient humidity and precipitation rate, both of which suppress the pollen release, as well as wind speed and turbulence intensity, which promote it. These dependencies are qualitatively evaluated using the aerobiological observations. Reflecting the probabilistic character of the flowering of an individual tree in a population, the model introduces relaxation functions at the start and end of the season. The physical basis of the suggested birch pollen emission model is compared with another comprehensive emission module reported in literature. The emission model has been implemented in the SILAM dispersion modelling system, the results of which are evaluated in a companion paper

Thin-film InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell with planar and pyramidal back reflectors

Quantum dot solar cells are promising for next-generation photovoltaics owing to their potential for improved device efficiency related to bandgap tailoring and quantum confinement of charge carriers. Yet implementing effective photon management to increase the absorptivity of the quantum dots is instrumental. To this end, the performance of thin-film InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cells with planar and structured back reflectors is reported. The experimental thin-film solar cells with planar reflectors exhibited a bandgap-voltage offset of 0.3 V with an open circuit voltage of 0.884 V, which is one of the highest values reported for quantum dot solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy to our knowledge. Using measured external quantum efficiency and current-voltage characteristics, we parametrize a simulation model that was used to design an advanced reflector with diffractive pyramidal gratings revealing a 12-fold increase of the photocurrent generation in the quantum dot layers